ISAAC BORO'S INVASION OF USAKEDET DURING THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR, 1967 – 1968
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Abstract
The study examined the plights of men and women of Usakedet area of Ndian Division, Southwest Cameroun during the Nigerian Civil War. The atrocious activities and disrespect to trans-border sovereignty of the indigenes and fishermen of Usakedet communities unleashed by Major Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro of the 3 rd Marine Commando of the Nigerian Army has not received mention in various scholarly writings. The study employs historical methods which explores both primary and secondary sources of information gathering. It concludes that the Nigerian-centric writings on the Nigerian Civil War have done little or nothing, in pushing the sufferings, rape and killings that rendered a large population of Usakedet men and women who knew nothing about the war to the academic arena or the public space. Also, the Ahmadu Ahidjo led-Cameroonian government and its successor, who gave full support to Nigeria against Biafra took no action to redress and appease the innocent Usakedet people who went through hell in the hands of Late Major Isaac Adaka Boro in 1968.
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1 Daniel Anki Ambo. Aged: 67. Chairman, Oron Village Council, Isangele. Interviewed at Anwang, Oron on 14-12-2019.
2. Chinua Achebe.There was a Country – A Personal History of Biafra. NewYork: Penguin Press, 2012. P. 227
3 Godwin Alabi-Isama. The Tragedy of Victory: On the Spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 2013, pp. 84-101.
4. Ibid, p.217.
5 Okon Edet Uya. A History of Oron People of the Lower Cross River Basin. Oron: Manson Publishing Company. 1984. pp.20-28
6 Anki Ambo Daniel. A Brief Historical Collections on the Administrative Development of the RioDel-Rey (Usakedet), 2018, pp. 1-15
7. Tengwan Ambe Frederick, Free Camerooun Now, Buea, University Press, 2016 pp. 1-5
8. Anjeh Aboko Ita. Aged: 120. Cup-bearer and Iyamba of Ekpe. Interviewed in Anwang –Oron Usakedet, 14/10/2019.
9. Tengwan Ambe Frederick. Free Cameroon: Post card from Isangele https//emergingcameroonsnowblogspot.com. Accessed: 18/3/2021
10. Efiong Okon Osung. Aged:82 Former Village Head of Akassa Fishing Settlement. Ekondo Titi, Cameroun. Interviewed at Eyotai, Udung Uko L.G.AKS on 17/6/2022.
11. Anki Ambo Daniel. A Brief Historical Collections on the Administrative Development of the RioDel-Rey (Usakedet), 2018, pp. 1-15
12.Usim Promise Usim. Aged: 64. Former Youth Leader. Interviewed in Oron –Usakedet on 23/10/2019.
13. Anjeh Orami Dibo. Aged: 51. Royal Secretary. Interviewed in OronUsakedet on 12/10/2019
14 Ericson Effi Usim. Aged: 73. Retired Forestry Staff Interviewed at Atakpa Road, Oron-Isangele Southwest Cameroon on 5/12/2020
15 F.A Goodliffe. An intelligence Report on the Isangeli Community of Kumba Division, Cameroun Province, National Archives, Buea, File 1080, Ag.35, 1940, pp. 20-23.
16. Anki Ambo Daniel. A Brief Historical Collections on the Administrative Development of the Rio Del-Rey (Usakedet) 2018, pp. 15-18
17. O. A. Odiong. Bakassi Peninsula: Growth, Conϔlict and Evolution. Calabar: Odiong and Sons, 2008. Pp. 12-13
18. Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro. The Twelve-Day Revolution. Benin-City: Idoho Umeh Publishers. 1982, pp.1-On February 23, 1966 Boro declared the secession of the Niger Delta Republic with himself as Head and Commander-in-Chief. He made the following declaration and clarion call:
19 Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro. The Twelve-Day Revolution. Benin-City: Idoho Umeh Publishers. 1982, pp.1-5
20 Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro. The Twelve –Day Revolution. Benin-City: Idoho Umeh Publishers, 1982, pp.1-5.
21 Olusegun Obansanjo. My Command. Ibadan: Heinman Publishers, 1980, p.47
22 Okezie Amarube, The troubled land of our ancestors, News service Magazine, April, 24, 1994.p 20.
23 Caroline Offiong Usim, Aged 54, Major of Isangele and granddaughter of Anjeh Usim, interviewed at Oron- Usakedet, 13-10-2019.
24 Anjeh Usim Francis. An Address presented to the Senior Divisional Officer, Ndian Division, 3/8/2018, p.2
25 Okon Christopher Ayongha. Aged: 62. Member of Village Council. Interviewed at Oron – Usakedet 26/10/2019.
26 Edem Etara 2nd World War Veteran. Aged: 115. Interviewed at Oron Town on 27th
27 Anjeh Usim Francis, An Address presented to the Senior Divisional Officer, Ndian Division, 3/8/2018, p.2
28 Okon Christopher Ayongha. Aged: 62. Member of Village Council. Interviewed at Oron – Usakedet on 26/10/2019.
29 Edem Etara. A Civil War Veteran. Aged: 115. Interviewed at Oron Town on 27th July, 2019.
30 Daniel Anki Ambo. Village Council Chairman. Aged: 67. Interviewed at Usakedet, 26/10/2019.
31. Eric Usim. Aged: 70. Retired Staff Forestry Staff. Interview at Usakedet, 12/10/2019.
32. Jean Koufan Menkene and primus Fonkeng, ''Cameroun Nigeria Relations: A model for posterity'' Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, volume 36, Number2, 2010.
33 Available at http://www.dawodu.com/bakassi2.htm,p.6, accessed27January,2020
34 Edmond J. Keller. Seccessionism in Africa. Journal of African Policy Studies. Volume 13, Number 1, 2007, p. 17
35 UNITAR, Peaceful Settlement among African States, Roles of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity, New Unity, New York, 1972, p. 33
36. Mathias Asukwo. Aged: 78. Member of Obe Cult. Interviewed in Oron –Usakedet on 27/5/2020.
37 Esin Okon Eminue. Military Regimes and Political Development in Nigeria. 1966-1999. Ibom Journal of History and International Studies. Vol. 14. No. 2 December, 2012 p.199.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Secondary Sources
Achebe, C. There was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra. New York: Penguin Press, 2012.
Alabi-Isama, G. The Tragedy Of Victory: On the Spot Account of the NigeriaBiafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 2013.
Amarube, O. The Troubled Land of our Ancestors. News Service Magazine, April 24, 1994, p. 20.
Boro. I. J.A. The Twelve Day Revolution. Benin-City: Idodo Umeh Publishers, 1982.
Daniel, A.A. A Brief Historical Collections on the Administrative Development of the Rio-Del Rey (Usakedet) 2018.
Eminue, E. O Military Regimes and Political Development in Nigeria, 1966-1999. Ibom Journal of History and International Studies, vol. 14. No. 2, December, 2012.
Fonkeng, P. and Anjoh R. F. Insecurity, Cooperation and Development Across African Border. African Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 7, No. 5, August, 2015.
Francis, A. U. An Address presented to the Senior Divisional Officer, Ndian Division, 3/8/2018.
Frederick. T. A. Free Cameroun Now. Buea: University Press,2016.
Menkene, J. K and Fonkong, P. Cameroun Nigeria Relations: A Model for Posterity. Nigerian Journalof International Affairs. Vol. 36, No. 2, 2010.
Obasanjo, O. My Command. Ibadan: Heineman Publishers, 1980.
Odiong, O. A. Bakassi Peninsula: Growth, Conϔlict and Evolution, Calabar: Odiong and Sons. 2008.
Okon, E.E. Nigeria Civil War and Its Impact on Oron People, Unpublished Project University of Uyo, 2014.
Keller, E. J. Secessionism in Africa. Journal of African Policy Studies. Volume 13, No. 1, 2007.
UNITAR, Peaceful Settlement Among African States; Roles of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity. UNITAR, New York, 1972. History of Oron People of the Lower Cross River Basin. Oron: Manson Publishing Company, 1984.
Primary Sources
Anjeh Aboko Ita. Aged: 120. Cup-bearer and Iyamba of Ekpe. Interviewed in Anwang-Oron, Usakedet, 14/10/2019.
Anjeh Orami Ndibo. Aged: 71, Royal Secretary, interviewed at Oron, Usakedet 13/12/2019.
Caroline Offiong Usim. Aged: 54, Mayor of Isangele and granddaughter of Anjeh Usim. Interviewed at Oron-Usakedet, 13/10/2019.
Daniel Anki Ambo. Aged: 77, Village Council Chairman. Interviewed at Usakedet 26/10/2019.
Edem Etara. Aged: 115, Civil War Veteran. Interviewed at Oron Town on 27/7/2019.
Eric Effi Usim. Aged: 70, Retired Forestry Staff, interviewed at Usakedet, 13/10/2019.
Mosongo Daniel. Aged:55. Family Head. Interviewed at Oron-Usakedet on 13/10/2019.
Mathias Asukwo. Aged: 78. Member of Obe Cult. Interviewed in Oron –Usakedet on 27/5/2020.
Okon Christopher Ayongha, Aged 62, Member of village council, interviewed at Oron –Usakedet, 26/10/2019.
Usim Promise Usim. Aged: 61, Former Youth Leader of Usakedet (Isangele). Interviewed at Oron on 23/10/2019.
Internet Material
Bakassi at http://www.dawodu.com/bakassi2.htm Accessed 27/1/2020 Tengwan Ambe Frederick. Free Cameroon: Postcard from Isangele. http//emergingcameroonsblogspot.com Accessed: 18/3/2021.
Archival Material
F.A. Goodlife, An Intelligence Report on the Isangeli Community of Kumba Division, Cameroun Province, National Archieves, Buea, File 1080, Ag. 35 1940,pp.20-23.