AKSU Journal Of History & Global Studies
type: channel
description: AKSU Journal of History and Global Studies (AJHGS) is an international double blind peer-reviewed interdisciplinary Journal. In line with its multidisciplinary nature, AJHGS receives articles from scholars in the discipline of Arts, Humanities and science such as History, Public Administration, Economics,· Sociology and Anthropology, Religion and Philosophy, whose Research Findings seek to proffer socio-economic, political, legal, religious and environmental solutions to myraids of problems facing African societies in particular and humanity generally, and thereof to preserve man, his environment and civilizations.
language: en
publication name: AKSU Journal Of History & Global Studies
items: Anglo-Afikpo War, 1902-1903
items: Weak State Syndrome and Civil War in South Sudan
items: Coercive Diplomacy in Inter State Relations: A Study of the United Nations and Non-Military Sanctions, 1965-2003
items: Nigeria and Socio-Economic Development in the Fourth Republic
items: Culture, Tourism and National Integration in Nigeria John Jakada Manasseh
items: Maritime Domain Awareness and Coastal Insurgency in Nigeria's South East
items: Age Grade Associations and Capital Formation: A Case Study of Ndi-Igbo of Southeast Nigeria
items: The Influx of Igbo Migrants and Intergroup Relations in Zaria, 1900-1965
items: Pre-Colonial Political System in Ebira-land
items: Emmanuel Ayankannui Ayandele: The Man and African Historiography
items: Nigeria's Membership of the Organisation of Islamic Conference: A Study of the Role of Personality in Foreign Policy
items: Late Pope John Paul II (1920-2005) and his Contributions to World Peace
items: Prognosis of Nigeria's Relations with the Arab World
items: Battle of the Feet or Fists? A Historical Narrative on Hooliganism in Ghanaian Soccer, 1957-2007
items: Rights and Social Responsiteities Birend Individual Rights and Social Responsibilities in Ibibioland
items: Cultural Identity and Diversity among the Efik and Qua of Calabar, Cross River State
items: European Missionaries and Traditional Institutions: A Clash of Two Cultures
items: The Military and Economic Development in Nigeria: 1966-1999
items: The Diminishing Relevance of Oil and the Need for Economic Diversification: The Indian Experience with Neem Tree
items: Boko Haram Insurgency and Nigerian Counter-insurgeney (Coin) Strategy
items: Terrorism: The Ambiguity of a Concept and the Need for Consensual Definition
items: Evolution of Ecowas Parliament and the Prospect of Legislative Integration of West Africa: A Study in Legal History
items: The Arts and Collaborative Research: The History Example
items: The Cradle of Western Philosophy
items: Stabilising Power Balances In International System Through Arms Control: Issues And Problems
items: History And Challenges Of Inter-governmental Relations In Nigeria
items: Producers Or Subsidisers: Berom Women In Household Agricultural Production In The Colonial Economy On The Jos Plateau
items: Nyong Essien and the Evolution of Nigeria
items: Exploring The Global Dimension Of The Marketing Outlets For Leather In Nigeria: The Case Of Tanning Industry Ιν Καnο, 1940s 2000
items: Ethnicity, Citizenship And Identity Formation: Cameroonian Diaspora As Alternative Developmental Agents To Africa

Anglo-Afikpo War, 1902-1903
type: item
description: This paper "Anglo-Afikpo War, 1902-1903", discusses the war that pitted the traditional Afikpo warriors against the British colonial force. The paper argues that the Anglo-Afikpo War of 1902-1903, has not received adequate scholarly attention and has not been addressed in military history context. It is in the light of the above that this research addresses the war battles as well as the British conquest of Afikpo within the period: 1902-1903. The findings reveal that there were actual war plans by the belligerent parties taking into consideration: mobilisation, battle order, weaponry, strategy and tactics. The paper concludes that Afikpo did not lose the war as a result of the British military superiority, but as a result of the indigenous allies of the British colonialists who sabotaged Afikpo people's war efforts and designs. The reason for this argument is that regular European forces with military superiority have suffered defeat in the hands of irregular African forces with crude or primitive weapons as was the experience in the battle of Adowa in 1896 among other instances. The paper relied on primary sources of different kinds such as oral interviews and archival documents among others, and on secondary materials such as unpublished works, books and journals. The study adopted the descriptive and analytical pattern of historical research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Obiora Eugene Eugenea
creator: Otuu Vincent Uhere
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 132
ending page: 145
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.55

Weak State Syndrome and Civil War in South Sudan
type: item
description: South Sudan is the youngest state in Africa and, indeed, the world. It was created out of Sudan through a referendum on July 9 2011. With a total of 619,745 square kilometres land size, much of which is quite fertile for food production, a population of eleven million people and with the third largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa, one expected the new leaders of the country to employ this trinity of natural sources of power for rapid economic growth and development. But this is not to be. Instead, in December 2013 a political power struggle broke out between President Sylva Kiir and his ex-vice President Rich Machar, which degenerated into a Civil War. So far, the war has resulted in the dead of 10,000 people, 1,000,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) inside South Sudan and about 400,000 citizens who have fled to neighbouring countries, particularly Sudan, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Kenya and Uganda. This is a tragedy of immense proportion in a country that at independence was one of the poorest in the world with little infrastructure and few social structures. This paper uses the state-making theories to examine the state-building processes in South Sudan and particularly the triggers of conflicts, crises and Civil War. It is observed that the challenges of South Sudan revolve around the issues of the weak state syndrome which in turn triggers its Civil War.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Otoabasi Akpan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 118
ending page: 131
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.54

Coercive Diplomacy in Inter State Relations: A Study of the United Nations and Non-Military Sanctions, 1965-2003
type: item
description: One of the strategic challenges facing members of international community since the emergence of modern state system especially in the post Second World War era is the avoidance of great power war and the use of brute force in the settlement of international disputes. The risk that a local aimed conflict could escalate into another World War put a premium on policies and instruments that sought to prevent this worst-case scenario. One of the instruments used in achieving these objectives is the instruments of Coercive diplomacy which seeks to resolve crises and armed conflict without resorts to the use of force or a full scale War. Coercive diplomacy may take the form of moral condemnation, deterrence, sanctions, and severing of diplomatic relations, Article 41 of the United Nations Charter provides the use of non-military sanctions against states that threatens international peace and security. It further authorizes the Security Council to enforce its decisions through complete or practical interruptions of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraph, radio and other means of communication and the severance of diplomatic relations. This paper examines the use of non-military sanctions diplomatic and economic measures by the United Nations in resolving international crisis. Using notable examples, as case studies, the paper submit that though the diplomatic strategy or the use of non-military sanctions has not been a resounding success, it remains veritable instruments of addressing conflict prone situations in the international political system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Peter Sunday N. Equerea
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 103
ending page: 117
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.53

Nigeria and Socio-Economic Development in the Fourth Republic
type: item
description: This paper analyses the trends in economic policy and social realities in Nigeria, with particular focus on the Fourth Civilian Republic. It underscores the appreciable impact of economic policy reforms on stimulating growth and observes that the positive growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita remains insufficient to reduce poverty. Irrespective of this projection, Nigeria has the potential for greatness. The discourse goes on to give a systematic overview of economic policy and social reality in the Fourth Republic 1999-2007. The paper evaluates the dramatic transfer of power in Nigeria from the military to civilians in 1999 and posits that Nigeria has so far made considerable progress in democracy, despite all odds. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that in order to meet the challenge of developing its human and natural resource potential, Nigeria must achieve the twin objectives of faster growth and greater equity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mike Boni Bazza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 91
ending page: 102
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.52

Culture, Tourism and National Integration in Nigeria John Jakada Manasseh
type: item
description: The state of affairs that preceded Nigeria's independence and its mergence as a nation state nurtured an idea of a promising nation of greatness. However, that outburst of hope was short-lived by sudden incursions resulting from various crises that personified its existence and the woes that plunged the young country into a confused state, battered by instability, and disunity. To that extend, lots of issues surrounding Nigeria's existence as one indivisible entity have for decades been threatened and subjected to ridicule against the backdrop of its multi-ethnic conglomeration and identity crisis. Though concerted efforts were made in a bid to nip the issues at its bud; but, it appears only little had been achieved thus far. Little wonder the continuous relapse in spite of all adopted and invented strategies. Suffice it to say, the events of the past had the heads of both military and civilian governments under pressure to fashion out ways of tackling the menace. In all of that, less attention was given to the culture and tourism sector. This paper examines the roles of culture and tourism as cohesive factors in tackling the difficult and appalling problems of Nigeria's national cohesion. It notes that the inability to surmount the apparent challenges of disunity was exacerbated by the obvious neglect of the sector. Hence, the paper suggests that the solution to the long range schism lies in the history of cultural diversity and laying much emphasis on that would help greatly to foster national unity in Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: John Jakada Manasseh
creator: Elisha Zigwai Ambrose
creator: Shamsudeen Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 71
ending page: 90
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.51

Maritime Domain Awareness and Coastal Insurgency in Nigeria's South East
type: item
description: The historiography of Nigeria's southeast seemed to have overlooked its geographical peculiarities as an area awash with maritime features and vulnerable to maritime based crimes in the form of coastal insurgencies. The paper located Nigeria's Southeast in the context of the extant relationship between maritime domain awareness and coastal insurgency. It identified the maritime domain of the southeast as thriving in the "gray area" between criminal activity and armed conflict necessitating a range of military operations. The paper argued that Nigeria's southeast suffered all the trapping of coastal insurgency manifested in varying dimensions of maritime threats. It identified this to thrive upon weak maritime domain awareness (MDA) made possible by the wholesome combination of weak state capacity, governance capacity, location of strength gradient, ungoverned/ungovernable spaces, and vulnerability quotient.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ubong Essien Umoha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 57
ending page: 70
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.50

Age Grade Associations and Capital Formation: A Case Study of Ndi-Igbo of Southeast Nigeria
type: item
description: Ndi-Igbo of southeast Nigeria developed institutions mechanisms that encouraged both their socio-economic development and growth at the individual, group and community levels. In the area of capital formation among the people, age grade associations existed as indigenous institutions through which the people accessed resources to attend to their needs. The paper concluded that age grade associations operated as pressure groups which were pervasively used by the village bureaucracies to mobilize the people to achieve economic, political and socio-cultural gains. As a means of capital creation, the contributions of this viable institution could not be overemphasized. The descriptive and analytical methods were adopted in writing this work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ikechukwu C. Ahamefule
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 48
ending page: 56
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.49

The Influx of Igbo Migrants and Intergroup Relations in Zaria, 1900-1965
type: item
description: Throughout human history, migration has remained one of the most important factors in the emergence and development of communities. The ancient city of Zaria evolved overtime as a result of migration of groups from near and distant communities. These groups of migrants included Yoruba, Kanuri, Fulani, Igbo, Hausa groups from neighbouring towns like Kano, Katsina and several smaller ethnic groups from Southern Kaduna. Migrant groups including the Igbo groups were attracted to Zaria due to: (a) Its strategic location on a network of old trade routes, the construction of motorable roads and railways; (b) the fertility of the soil and availability of water for agriculture; (c) availability of employment in the Colonial government and colonial economy. This paper examines these factors in relation to the influx of the Igbo migrants and their relations with other groups in Zaria within the period. The focus of this paper is on the role the Igbo migrants played in the growth and development of Zaria. The paper adopts the qualitative and thematic method of research which relies on the use of primary sources collected from the field and secondary sources from extant literature. The paper concludes that the influx of Igbo migrants in Zaria impacted on the social set up of Nigeria positively through the harmonious coexistence between the Igbo migrants and the host community. The paper recommends that the present day society should draw from the lessons of the past as source of unity and strength for the country
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: V. S. Akran
creator: Nathaniel John Odoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 31
ending page: 47
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.48

Pre-Colonial Political System in Ebira-land
type: item
description: This paper attempts a reconstruction of the Ebira Political Administration before the arrival of the colonialist into the political scene of the Ebira people. The Ebira political system, before the advent of colonialism practice a decentralized system of administration characterized by a nuclei clan and age grade system thereby resenting any form of unified central authority that is capable of wielding general control over the clans and age-grade. The Ebira people, unlike what is Eminent today, have a different political and administrative setting during the pre-colonial era. Before the colonial construct and manipulations of Ebira political system, the Ebira practiced a purely indigenous system of local self-rule anchored on the clan and age-grade system that has become a well-entrenched and popularly accepted pattern of governing the people in their different settlement patterns. The head of the clan was the oldest male member, though his political power was remarkably nominal, having authority mainly over his immediate family. The clan head represented the economic interest properties in trust for the clan. This paper, also, seek to examine the rationale behind the forced change in the political arrangements of the Ebira people against the existing status-quo observed then, its economic and social implication on the people of Ebira land. The central objectives of this paper are to unravel the real intentions of the colonialist sudden meddling and impedance of the Ebira polity and the after-math of this foray.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Suleiman Bilal Ishaqa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 30
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.47

Emmanuel Ayankannui Ayandele: The Man and African Historiography
type: item
description: Hedoriography which is largely concerned with the writings and methods of historians has evolved over the years and led to the manifestation of different types, namely: Western, African and Oral hustoriographies. Among these, the Western Historiography dominated the writing of African history until the middle of the twentieth century when an increasing number of African scholars merged, questioned and challenged the methodology and perspective dopted in the study and writing of African history. Incidentally, the contributions of these intellectual giants to the emergence of African Istoriography have not been given adequate attention by historians t the later period. Against this backdrop, the importance of this essay to analyse the contributions of one of these titans of history, Emmanuel Ayandele to the development of African historiography.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Asuquo O. Anwana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2018-05-31
publication date: 2018-05-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol3no1.46

Nigeria's Membership of the Organisation of Islamic Conference: A Study of the Role of Personality in Foreign Policy
type: item
description: Across many fields of human endeavour, leadership and its personality traits have long been recognized as an important variable that influence the success and failures of events. Also, the course of history from the days of yores till date is determined by the decisions of political leaders. Leaders and the kind of leadership they exert shape the way in which policies are made and the consequent behaviour of states either in the domestic or foreign domains. This assertion underscores the fact that individuals are not mere pawns on the chessboard of politics but active agents of political change, actors and authors of the drama of history. This paper examines the role played by few political elites during the 1 Babangidas' regime in Nigeria's diplomatic initiative to upgrade Nigeria's membership status in the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC). The paper submit that policies and consequent behaviour of states in municipal and global politics are the results of personal actions and discretions of leaders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Peter S. Ekwere
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 193
ending page: 206
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.45

Late Pope John Paul II (1920-2005) and his Contributions to World Peace
type: item
description: Karol Józef Wojtyla, the youngest of the three children of Karol Wojtyla and Emilia Kaczorowska was born in 1920 in the Polish town of Wadowice. At the age of twenty, he had lost the company of his above siblings and to survive, he started to work as a messenger for a restaurant, manual labourer in a limestone quarry and later at solvay chemical factory to avoid deportation to Germany. He later knocked at the door of the Bishop's palace in krarków in 1942 and asked for permission to study for the sacred priesthood and was ordained a priest on All Saint's Day, November 1, 1946. A strong, passionate and charismatic priest and Bishop who later occupied the chair of St. Peter. Late John Paul II was the first non-Italian and the longest serving pope in 445 years. A pope that neither the church nor the world expected and whose 25 years was characterized by surprises which began on the very night of his election. He was a spiritual protagonist who master-minded the fall of communism in his native country Poland and also ensured the survival of Christianity into the third millennium. Late John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about sexuality in what was referred to as the Theology of the Body. A conservative on doctrine and issues relating to human sexual reproduction, a strong opponent of homosexuality and ordination of women to sacred priesthood, the most travelled pope in history as he visited 129 countries during his pontificate. Late Pope John Paul II campaigned extensively for world peace, fought against mafia violence in southern Italy and regularly led diplomatic initiatives to negotiate peace in the Middle East. He was in the later part of his life regarded as a living saint. No wonder he was canonized a saint not long after his demise and referred to as Saint John Paul The Great.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: M. Eka Sylvester
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 182
ending page: 192
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.44

Prognosis of Nigeria's Relations with the Arab World
type: item
description: Historically, Africans and Arabs have maintained contacts through trade, pilgrimage and scholarly exchange before the arrival of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa by the turn of the 8th century AD. These relations, particularly between Nigeria and Arab countries spanned the colonial era and accelerated after independence. However, Nigeria-Arab relations appear to have been threatened in recent years by the overbearing influence of the West on Nigeria. This study, therefore, carries out a prognosis on the future of these relations. It identifies issues and areas of cooperation that can provide the basis for sustained Nigeria-Arab solidarity which will in the long run result in economic development of Nigeria. The paper adopts historical/descriptive analysis methodology to interrogate autobiographies, theological tracts, conference proceedings, pilgrimage memoirs and secondary documents that deal with contacts between Nigeria and the Arab world. The findings of this paper show that these relations, if strengthened, should play decisive roles in international politics and will constitute a formidable force capable of ushering in socio-economic development in the country. The paper recommends the creation, promotion and sustenance of broad exchanges and interaction as well as discussions in cultural, political and economic fields with the Arab world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amah Maclean Williams
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 165
ending page: 181
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.43

Battle of the Feet or Fists? A Historical Narrative on Hooliganism in Ghanaian Soccer, 1957-2007
type: item
description: This work recounts, chronologically, acts of vandalism and violence committed by some players, officials and spectators in the game of football (soccer) in the history of the sport in Ghana. The history of sports in general and football in particular has not received much attention by historians and researchers within the historiography of Ghana. It is against this background that this paper, using newspaper publications and interviews, attempts an exposition on the causes and effects of hooliganism in Ghanaian soccer from 1957 to 2007. The paper shows that the beauty of the sport (both locally and on the international scene) had been blighted by acts of hooliganism arising from wide and varied issues including ignorance of the laws governing the sport and corrupt practices among some match officials and administrators which mostly infuriated spectators to cause violence hence destroying properties and causing harm to people.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bruno Osafo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 140
ending page: 164
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.42

Rights and Social Responsiteities Birend Individual Rights and Social Responsibilities in Ibibioland
type: item
description: The concepts of Individual Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility are concepts that are in the front burner of international discourse in this 21 century. Notably, they were concepts that formed major part of academic debate in the late 20th century following Eurocentric postulations that these concepts were alien to the African traditions. The basis of their argument is founded on the perception that the African cultural traits could hardly be equated with the Western notions of government and governance since they (Africans) were largely regarded as primitive and uncivilized. The Ibibio area in particular was considered as stateless, chiefless, 'acephalous', or 'segmentary' and lacking paraphernalia of legitimate government and governance. This study therefore argues that Individual Rights, Social Responsibility, democratic principles are not foreign concepts to Africa in general and Ibibio in particular. They existed and were practiced even before the coming of the Europeans and also played significant roles in the stabilization of British colonial policies. This article seeks to examine how these concepts of government were practiced in Ibibioland.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Individual Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Democratic values
  topic: keywords
subject: Ibibioland
  topic: keywords
creator: Nkereuwem D. Edemekong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 122
ending page: 139
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.41

Cultural Identity and Diversity among the Efik and Qua of Calabar, Cross River State
type: item
description: Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the uniqueness and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies making up humankind. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. In this sense, it is the common heritage of humanity and should be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations. Many of the specific cultural differences that we observe today between the Efik and the Qua hinge upon the respective cultural premises about the reality of the migration, settlement, adoption and origination of traits. Whereas most of the differences spotted in the cultural heritage of the Efik and the Qua have a connecting link and mostly same interpretation but different modes of expression are adopted and struggle of originality keeps. revolving. These differences have greatly influenced the people's. conception of self and the other while at the same time providing unique identities for both the Efik and the Qua.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Efik
  topic: keywords
subject: Qua
  topic: keywords
subject: Calabar
  topic: keywords
subject: Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Diversity
  topic: keywords
creator: Bassey Nsa Ekpe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 111
ending page: 121
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.40

European Missionaries and Traditional Institutions: A Clash of Two Cultures
type: item
description: One of the most important traditional institutions which performed various functions in the communities of South-Eastern Nigeria before the advent of European Missionaries was Ekpe institution. The functions of Ekpe were so pervasive that its influence could hardly have gone unnoticed by the European Missionaries. Although the latter had co-operated with Ekpe members and used the institution to advance their cause, but the early romance turned sour. Hence, the European Missionaries gradually launched attack on Ekpe institution and this consequently led to the modification of the role of Ekpe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Asuquo Okon Anwana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 97
ending page: 110
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.39

The Military and Economic Development in Nigeria: 1966-1999
type: item
description: It is common knowledge that Nigeria has remained in the woods in terms of economic development in spite of enormous human and material resources. Yet, from the country's independence in 1960, its successive governments have been singing the mantra of economic development as being the focal point of their administrations. Typically, the pendulum of governance had swung between the civilian and military regimes. However, from 1966 to 1999, the military ruled for 28 years with the civilians having a shot for only 4 years. Against the backdrop of postulations in some quarters that the military is a corporate institution which is best structurally equipped to manage socio-economic conditions. this paper examines the index of economic development in Nigeria under the military. Deploying narrative and analytical methodology, the paper advances its argument on regime basis. The study is quite significant in the sense that it mirrors the success rate of various strides taken by the military to engender economic development in Nigeria. The paper concludes that in spite of ostensible efforts by the military, Nigeria remained largely underdeveloped economically between 1966 and 1999.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ini Etuk
creator: Emem Udo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 96
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.38

The Diminishing Relevance of Oil and the Need for Economic Diversification: The Indian Experience with Neem Tree
type: item
description: Agriculture was Nigeria's economic mainstay from colonial period to the 1970s. Crude oil replaced agriculture because it brought so much money to the economy and many who depended on agriculture abandoned it in pursuance of oil money. Life in the oil boom days was better when compared to agriculture era. Staple crop farming gave way to oil wealth and by extension a far better foreign exchange earner as well as enhanced financial capacity to scale up infrastructure. The side effect was that farmers abandoned their farms and migrated to cities in search of greener pasture. In the 1980s Nigeria entered into economic doldrums thus began to borrow for her development projects and importation of food. Life among the citizens began to be tortuous. The paper uses descriptive and historical analysis as its methodology. The findings are that, over dependence on oil would not allow for positive development because of its dwindling fortunes. The prices of oil in the international market is declining steadily and is affecting Nigeria economy negatively. Government and policy makers are calling for diversification of Nigeria economy. That other mono-culture export countries especially in the developing South are doing so. There are many ways of diversifying in economies. The paper is suggesting or of the opinion that Nigeria can diversify using Neem tree. Neem tree is an agricultural product, that contributes over $2 billion yearly to Indian economy. And that is a large sum of money in naira value today. It concludes that, diversification of the economy may have many forms, Nigeria can also use Neem tree. According to studies there are more Neem trees in Nigeria than India thus Nigeria should expect much. Just as oil palm trees were taken wild from the bush before researchers made it what it is today.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dominic A. Akpan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 68
ending page: 76
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.37

Boko Haram Insurgency and Nigerian Counter-insurgeney (Coin) Strategy
type: item
description: This study examines the Counter Insurgency (COIN) measures adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria in combating Boko Haram (BH) insurgency in the North-eastern Region of the nation. It seeks to answer the following questions in order to measure as well as put into context Nigerian government capabilities from military and non-military perspectives: How has the Nigerian government struck a balance between or prioritized one of the two primary counter insurgency approaches -Population-centric and Enemy-centric in the formulation of an effective national security policy against a revolutionary warfare, such as Boko Haram? The study found an enemy-centric skew in the government's strategy and recommends improvement of the citizens' living standards, development of government infrastructures and provision of amenities, as vital concerns that should reflect in Nigerian counterinsurgency strategy against Boko Haram.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Anthony Williams Amamkpa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 51
ending page: 67
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.36

Terrorism: The Ambiguity of a Concept and the Need for Consensual Definition
type: item
description: Many countries have had to deal with the tragic consequences of terrorist attacks. However, there is still very little consensus within the international community on which action actually constitutes an act of terrorism. This lack of consensus has made it virtually impossible to adopt an international convention on terrorism that includes a legally binding and an all-inclusive definition of terrorism. The main consequence of the absence of a UN Security Council definition of terrorism is, that it is left to states to determine which violent acts constitute an act of terrorism. Therefore, states are allowed to develop their own definitions of terrorism, which may be ambiguous and contradictory. This has in turn allowed states to persecute and prosecute known and perceived opponents and breach fundamental human rights under the guise of UN Security Council Resolutions. There is need for countries to adopt a common definition of terrorism in order to form a strong international coalition against the terrorist movement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Guerrilla
  topic: keywords
subject: Legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: Violence
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibiang Oden Ewa
creator: Chukwudi G. Chidume
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 50
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.35

Evolution of Ecowas Parliament and the Prospect of Legislative Integration of West Africa: A Study in Legal History
type: item
description: It appears the legislative and judicial organs of the ECOWAS and their activities are not yet known to the majority of citizens of the West African States. Some politicians who aspire to represent their people at the National Assembly may not be aware of the existence of ECOWAS Parliament and ECOWAS Court of Justice until they get into the Legislative House. Similarly, some security and law enforcement agencies seem not to be aware of these institutions and their functions. The likely consequences of this ignorance are exploitation, intimidation, human rights abuses, delay and denial of justice by government officials or by the citizens themselves. The aim of this study, therefore, is to create awareness about the ECOWAS Parliament. To achieve this aim, the study set five objectives, namely, to examine why the establishment of Parliament was delayed: analyse the steps taken to establish the Parliament, discuss composition, jurisdiction, election and immunity of members; discuss its Standing Committee and analyse the challenges and prospects of the Parliament. Using historical descriptive approach, the study interrogates a combination of primary and secondary sources of information and reveals, among other things, that the Parliament is one of the newest arms of the ECOWAS. Its establishment was delayed because the maiden ECOWAS Treaty (1975) did not make provision for it. Many Members-States, including Nigeria, were under military rule; just as many were not ready to surrender their legislative and political sovereignty. The Parliament is facing some challenges, including its advisory role status without powers to make laws. However, the Parliament will serve as a forum for conflict resolution and promoter of democracy in West Africa.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Joseph R. Bassey
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 13
ending page: 39
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.34

The Arts and Collaborative Research: The History Example
type: item
description: This contribution takes as given the fact that collaborative research is both desirable and enriching in the achievement of research objectives in the arts. If one were to point to a single concept that unites research in the arts, one would opt for Culture. It is a concept that takes into account, among other things, relics, as well as continuity and change (History/Archaeology); sounds, words, syntax, and composition (Language/Literature); ideas and thought patterns (Philosophy); the making of material things (Fine Arts & Design); and belief systems, rituals etc. (Religion). This is why it is important for researchers in the Arts to collaborate or at least keep in touch with colleagues in sister disciplines in. the Arts. For example, while ceramics are made by researchers in Fine and industrial arts, it is the mostly fragmentary remains of ceramies that the Archaeologist studies. For both researchers the nature of the clay used is important, so also are the use of burnishing and decorative techniques, as well as the form and function of the ceramic objects. It stands to reason, therefore, that they could work together on some joint projects in the Faculty. If that proves difficult to implement, there should be greater interaction and exchange of information among researchers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abi A. Derefaka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2016-12-31
publication date: 2016-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol2no3&4.33

The Cradle of Western Philosophy
type: item
description: Beside God, every other thing in existence, be it in the physical form or as a spiritual entity, has a traceable origin in something or somewhere. Spiritual things are traced to God the origin of creation while physical and inanimate things are traced to inventors in their respective area and era. The inventors or forerunners of any object of consideration came forth with their groundbreaking innovation as a result of deep seated desire to solve peculiar problems of the time. This is also replicated in ideas and ideologies or schools of thought. The systematic and well articulated presentation of ideas can be traced to scholars in time and place. Though the bible admonishes that "the things that hath been, it is that which shall be, and that which is done is that which shall be done and there is no new thing under the sun" (Ecclesiastes 1:9) yet, philosophical enterprise is a product of social and natural perplexities of the time and the method applied and answers given to these perplexing problems become the focus of a given philosophical era. The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time, era and ages. Some of the issues considered when tracing the developmental stages of philosophical pursuit include the question on the perplexing problems of the people at the time in question that draws attention of scholars, thinkers, wise men of the time with keen interest. Philosophy therefore is traced to the Greek cities of Western Asia Minor called Ionia and Miletus with the articulated ideas of Thiales and his contemporaries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Iniobong Umotong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 293
ending page: 214
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.32

Stabilising Power Balances In International System Through Arms Control: Issues And Problems
type: item
description: Liberal reformers have often attacked the theory that power can be balanced to preserve world peace, order and security. Instead, they have advocated the biblical prescription that states should beat their swords into plowshares. The destructiveness of modern weapons has inspired many scholars and analysts once again to take this tenet of liberal theory seriously but this approach is not solely a liberal preserve. Many realists also see arms limitation as a way of stabilising the balance of power. In fact, most policy makers who have negotiated such agreements have been realists who perceived these treaties as prudent tools to promote the country's security. This paper examines the relevance of arms control in attaining balance of power and its inherent weakness in the international political system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Peter S. Ekwere
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 282
ending page: 292
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.31

History And Challenges Of Inter-governmental Relations In Nigeria
type: item
description: Inter-governmental relations encapsulate the full amplitude of interactions among governmental authorities who share responsibility for governance with the aim of minimizing jurisdictional conflicts, competition and confrontation in governance especially in a federal system. When in operation, the term connotes vertical and horizontal, formal and informal, conflictual and cooperative patterns of relationships that take place among different levels of government in a political system. Nigeria's experiences of this paramount connerstone of federalism have been unwieldy. While it cannot be denied that the country has a record of remarkable areas of workable interactions among her different governmental authorities, most of the hiccups in such relationships especially since her independence in 1960 leaves an awkward taste for commentary. The country's political evolution was constantly interjected by military rule and numerous constitutional changes and this scenario impeded the development of a culture of relationship among the levels of government. This paper attempts to interrogate the history of intergovernmental relations in Nigeria and the very challenges that bedevil its optimal implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Philip Afaha
creator: Abdul-gafar Tobi Oshodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 262
ending page: 281
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.30

Producers Or Subsidisers: Berom Women In Household Agricultural Production In The Colonial Economy On The Jos Plateau
type: item
description: The Berom is one of the numerous ethnic groups that occupy part of the Jos Plateau region in North Central Nigeria within the middle belt geo-political zone. Most of the Berom belong to the Benue-Congo group of languages, while others belong to the Chadic group of languages. The Berom are one of the 368 minority ethnic groups in Nigeria numbering about 2.5 million. They occupy an area that constituted the epicenter of tin mining during the colonial period where agriculture was made a secondary economic activity in favor of tin mining by the British. As Berom male labour drifted to the mining fields, women were left to take greater charge of and played greater role in subsistence agricultural production in addition to domestic work. This informed the choice of the Berom women for the study because it enabled us to assess the overall contribution of women in domestic and agricultural production as the traditional economy was incorporated into the colonial economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: H. A. Alahira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 248
ending page: 261
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.29

Nyong Essien and the Evolution of Nigeria
type: item
description: This paper is a re-assessment of the politico-historical undercurrents of colonial Nigeria. Through the subject of our discourse, Chief Nyong Essien, it challenges the official history of the nationalist struggle in Nigeria as regards the key role played by certain actors. Indeed, the relegation of the monumental contributions of Chief Nyong Essien to the evolution of independent Nigeria by scholars and political commentators has gained a re-cycling currency. Evidently, Chief Nyong Essien was one of Nigeria's earliest politicians and a contemporary of Macaulays, Azikiwes, Dipcharimans, Olurin-Nimbes, Bellos, Kale's, Enderleys and so on. He worked in close concert and rubbed minds with such important colonial administrators like, Bernard Bourdillon, Arthur Richards, John Macpherson and James Robertson. Chief Nyong Essien was a member of the Nigerian Legislative Council between 1938 and 1943, "father" of the 1947 pan-Nigerian N.C.N.C. delegation to London, member of the 1957 London Constitutional Conference, Deputy Speaker of the Eastern Regional House of Assembly and the first President of the Eastern Regional House of Chiefs. Despite these intimidating credentials, he has not been given due mention in consonance with his role as one of the purveyors of Nigerian nationalism and facilitators of Nigerian independence. This scenario consigns Chief Nyong Essien to the footnote in the chronicle of Nigeria's political history. This study highlights his contributions and re-positions him as an eminent nation-builder and statesman worthy to occupy a prominent position in the annals of Nigerian political history.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Uwem Jonah Αkpan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 218
ending page: 247
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.28

Exploring The Global Dimension Of The Marketing Outlets For Leather In Nigeria: The Case Of Tanning Industry Ιν Καnο, 1940s 2000
type: item
description: Kano has been a famous centre of trade in leather and leather products since the period of trans-Saharan trade. Kano's local leather was one of the mayor items of trade that made Kano to prosper in the 19" Century as her products were exported for and wide to north African, forest kingdoms and empires and other states in the western Sudan. During the colonial period, the leather inductees were relived leading to the establishment of modern tanning industries in Nigerian including Kano in 1940s. With independence in 1960, more tanning industries were established by local entrepreneurs. Tanning industry boomed in the late 1970s and mid 1980s leading to the marketing of the products within the country and export to countries such as UK, Italy, Spain, China and India. It is against this background that this paper examines the global dimension of the Kano's marketing out lets of leather. It also looks at the role of Igbo leather dealers who dominated local dealers of Kano in the country. This paper argues that tanning industries in Kano have been a major source of revenue to the federal, state and local governments and one of the major non-oil foreign exchange earners in form of the increased marketing of the leather in the world market.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nseobong Ekong Nkanga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 206
ending page: 217
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.27

Ethnicity, Citizenship And Identity Formation: Cameroonian Diaspora As Alternative Developmental Agents To Africa
type: item
description: This paper titled seeks to explain Africans in the Diaspora as a distinct group with a purpose. The paper further explains their vision of citizenship and identity formation, and assumed that these were the main ingredients for statehood and belonging to a people. Without the gaining of their citizenship and identity, it would have been difficult to uphold the economic and political basis for alternative development and strategic planning for Africa. The paper x-rays the African mission in the Diaspora in terms of higher education and Policy Studies along multi-disciplines, which became the main ingredients they gained from the Diaspora to transfer and industrialise the African continent; to re-build Africa's administration and politics, democracy, economics, financial institutions, education, public health and other alternative developmental strategies which could help in the good running process in Africa if respected. Here, it argued that their long stay in the Diasporic world, along multi-ethnic groups propagated their ethnicity, hence, a cry for belonging. The paper recommends some valuable alternative strategies for development, which if implemented could lead to a way forward for the growth of Africa in general and Cameroons in particular.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cameroon
  topic: keywords
subject: Citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Diaspora
  topic: keywords
subject: Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethnicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Richard Agbor Ayukndang Enoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2014-12-31
publication date: 2014-12-31
starting page: 188
ending page: 205
doi: 10.60787/aksujhgs.vol1no1&2.26